Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â àíãëèéñêîì

Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â àíãëèéñêîì

Êëàññèôèöèðîâàíèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ èìååò íåñêîëüêî íàïðàâëåíèé, ò.ê. íå âñå ëèíãâèñòû ñõîäÿòñÿ âî ìíåíèè, êàêèå òèïû ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå íåîáõîäèìî ðàçëè÷àòü.

Íèæå ìû ïðèâåäåì îñíîâíóþ êëàññèôèêàöèþ, ïîäêðåïëåííóþ ïðèìåðàìè, ÷òîáû âû ëåãêî ðàçîáðàëèñü â äàííîì âîïðîñå.

Nouns
Ñóáñòàíòèâèðîâàííîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå (Converted noun) Èìÿ ñîáñòâåííîå
(Proper noun) Íàðèöàòåëüíîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå
(Common noun)
Ñóáñòàíòèâàöèÿ – ýòî ïåðåõîä ðàçíûõ ÷àñòåé ðå÷è (÷àùå ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî è ãëàãîëà) â ðàçðÿä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî. Åñëè ãîâîðèòü î ãëàãîëå, ôóíêöèîíèðóþùåì â ïðåäëîæåíèè êàê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, òî íàèáîëåå óïîòðåáëÿåìîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêàÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà êàê ãåðóíäèé.

— Sleeping sometimes serves as an escape from studying. – Ñîí ìîæåò ïîñëóæèòü õîðîøèì ñïîñîáîì èçáåæàòü ó÷åáû.

Ðàññìîòðèì ïðåäëîæåíèå, ñîäåðæàùåå ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå â êà÷åñòâå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî:

— On his walk home, the man decided to stop by at the caf as he was a regular. – Ïî äîðîãå äîìîé ìóæ÷èíà ðåøèë çàéòè â êàôå, ò.ê. îí áûë ÷àñòûì ïîñåòèòåëåì.

Ê èìåíàì ñîáñòâåííûì îòíîñÿòñÿ èìåíà ëþäåé, íàçâàíèÿ íàñåëåííûõ ïóíêòîâ è ò.ä. Îíè âñåãäà ïèøóòñÿ ñ çàãëàâíîé áóêâû, âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò ïîëîæåíèÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè: uncle George, West Coast, New York.

Ïîìèìî proper nouns, åñòü ðÿä common nouns, êîòîðûå òàêæå ïèøóòñÿ ñ áîëüøîé áóêâû.

1) Ïðàçäíèêè – Easter (Ïàñõà), Ramadan (Ðàìàäàí).
2) Òèòóëû – Doctor Wilson, President Obama.
3) Ïðåäìåòû, ÷üè íàçâàíèÿ çàìåíåíû íà èìåíà èõ àâòîðîâ:
— Recently a Van Gogh was sold for fifteen million dollars. – Íåäàâíî Âàí Ãîã áûë ïðîäàí çà ïÿòíàäöàòü ìèëëèîíîâ äîëëàðîâ.

4) Íàçâàíèÿ ìåñÿöåâ è äíåé íåäåëè – January, April; Wednesday, Thursday (õîòÿ äîïóñêàåòñÿ è íàïèñàíèå ñî ñòðî÷íîé áóêâû).
5) Ðåëèãèîçíûå òåðìèíû – Catholic (êàòîëè÷åñêèé), Islam (èñëàì).
6) Èñòîðè÷åñêèå ñîáûòèÿ – World War I (Ïåðâàÿ Ìèðîâàÿ Âîéíà).
7) Íàçâàíèÿ ÿçûêîâ è íàöèîíàëüíîñòåé – French, German, American.
Îòëè÷èòü ìåæäó ñîáîé proper è common noun äîñòàòî÷íî ëåãêî, íî ýòî åñëè ãîâîðèòü î ïèñüìåííîé ðå÷è. Ïðè áåñåäå ñ íîñèòåëåì ÿçûêà ìû íå çíàåì, èñïîëüçóåò îí ñëîâî ñ áîëüøîé èëè ñ ìàëåíüêîé áóêâû, è áûâàþò ñëó÷àè, ÷òî íå âñåãäà óäàåòñÿ èíòóèòèâíî äîãàäàòüñÿ î êîì/÷åì èäåò ðå÷ü.