Ñõåìû àíãëèéñêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèé

Ñõåìû àíãëèéñêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèé

I. Ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå.
Ñõåìà 1: Ïîäëåæàùåå + âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè íîðìàëüíûé ãëàãîë + äîïîëíåíèå + îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî

1. Ïîäëåæàùèì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷åëîâåê èëè îáúåêò, ñîâåðøàþùèé äåéñòâèå. Ïîäëåæàùèì ÿâëÿåòñÿ:

1.1. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå.

Íàïð.: Salt is white. Ñîëü áåëàÿ.

A boy is here. Ìàëü÷èê çäåñü.

1.2. Ëè÷íîå ìåñòîèìåíèå (îòâå÷àþùåå íà âîïðîñû êòî?, ÷òî?).

Íàïð.: She is a doctor. Îíà äîêòîð.

1.3. Ôîðìàëüíîå ïîäëåæàùåå (it, there, one).

Íàïð.: One can do it. Ýòî ìîæíî ñäåëàòü.

There are some desks in the classroom. Â àóäèòîðèè èìååòñÿ íåñêîëüêî ñòîëîâ.

It is dark. Òåìíî.

2. Ñêàçóåìîå. Ñêàçóåìûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëàãîë â ïðîñòîé ôîðìå, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé èíôèíèòèâó ãëàãîëà áåç ÷àñòèöû to.

Íàïð.: He lives in Rostov. Îí æèâåò â Ðîñòîâå.

To be ìîæåò áûòü â ïðåäëîæåíèè íîðìàëüíûì ãëàãîëîì è èãðàòü ðîëü ñêàçóåìîãî.

Íàïð.: I am a doctor. ß äîêòîð.

Êðîìå ýòîãî, ãëàãîë to be ìîæåò ÿâëÿòüñÿ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì ãëàãîëîì.  òàêîì ñëó÷àå îí íå èãðàåò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ðîëè â ïðåäëîæåíèè, à íåñåò êîíñòðóêòèâíóþ íàãðóçêó è íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ.

Íàïð.: Are you reading? Òû ÷èòàåøü?

Åñëè â ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè åñòü íîðìàëüíûé ãëàãîë, âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë â íàñòîÿùåì è ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè îòñóòñòâóåò.

3. Äîïîëíåíèå. Îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñû êîãî?, ÷òî?, êîìó?, ÷åìó? Äîïîëíåíèå áûâàåò áåñïðåäëîæíûì, êîñâåííûì, ïðÿìûì è ïðåäëîæíûì êîñâåííûì.

Íàïð.: I gave her a book. ß äàë åé êíèãó (her – áåñïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå, à book – ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå). Êîñâåííîå áåñïðåäëîæíîå äîïîëíåíèå äîëæíî ñòîÿòü ïåðåä ïðÿìûì äîïîëíåíèåì.

I gave a book to her. ß äàë êíèãó åé. (a book – ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå, to her – ïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå). Êîñâåííîå ïðåäëîæíîå äîïîëíåíèå äîëæíî ñòîÿòü ïîñëå ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ.

4. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî. Ñóùåñòâóþò îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ, îòâå÷àþùèå íà âîïðîñ How? – Êàê?, ìåñòà, îòâå÷àþùèå íà âîïðîñ Where – Ãäå?, è âðåìåíè, îòâå÷àþùèå íà âîïðîñ When? – Êîãäà?

Åñëè â ïðåäëîæåíèè íå îäíî îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî, òî ïåðâûì óêàçûâàåòñÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ, çàòåì îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà è ïîñëåäíèì îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî âðåìåíè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå: îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà âðåìåíè è ìåñòà ìîãóò íàõîäèòüñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì.

Ñõåìà 2: Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî + ïîäëåæàùåå + ñêàçóåìîå + äîïîëíåíèå + îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî.

Íàïð.: Yesterday I watched TV with pleasure at home. ß ñ óäîâîëüñòâèåì ïîñìîòðåë òåëåâèçîð äîìà â÷åðà (with pleasure ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâîì îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ, at home – îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà, yesterday – îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî âðåìåíè).

Ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðÿìûì, åñëè ïîäëåæàùåå ñòîèò ïåðåä ñêàçóåìûì:

He helps his father every day.

Every day she reads periodicals.

Ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âñåãäà èìåþò ïðÿìîé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ.

Èòàê, â ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè:

Ïîäëåæàùåå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïåðåä ñêàçóåìûì.

Áåñïðåäëîæíîå îïðåäåëåíèå äîëæíî íàõîäèòüñÿ ïåðåä îïðåäåëÿåìûì ñëîâîì.

Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìîæåò áûòü â ïðåäëîæåíèè òîëüêî â íà÷àëå è â êîíöå.

Äîïîëíåíèå ñòîèò ïîñëå ñêàçóåìîãî.

II. Âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå.
Âîïðîñèòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ áûâàþò îáùèìè, ñïåöèàëüíûìè, àëüòåðíàòèâíûìè è ðàçäåëèòåëüíûìè.

Íà îáùèå îòâå÷àþò «äà» èëè «íåò».

Ñõåìû ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ â îáùèõ âîïðîñàõ:

Ñõåìà 3: Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë + ïîäëåæàùåå + ñìûñëîâîé ãëàãîë

Does he live in Rostov?

Åñëè ñêàçóåìîå ïðåäñòàâëåíî ãëàãîëàìè to be è to have, òî â ïðåäëîæåíèè íå áóäåò âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà.

Was he at home yesterday?

Has she got a dog?

Ñõåìà 4: Ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë + ïîäëåæàùåå + ñìûñëîâîé ãëàãîë

Must we study English?

Ñïåöèàëüíûå âîïðîñû ñëåäóåò íà÷èíàòü ñ âîïðîñèòåëüíîãî ñëîâà.

Ñõåìà 5: Âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî + âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë + ïîäëåæàùåå + äîïîëíåíèå + ñìûñëîâîé ãëàãîë + îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî

Where is he from?

What is her name?

Àëüòåðíàòèâíûìè íàçûâàþòñÿ âîïðîñû, â êîòîðûõ åñòü ÷àñòèöà or – èëè:

Ñõåìà 6: Îáùèé âîïðîñ + or + àëüòåðíàòèâà.

Is he a teacher or a doctor?

Ðàçäåëèòåëüíûé âîïðîñ ñîäåðæèò óòâåðæäåíèå èëè îòðèöàíèå + êðàòêèé âîïðîñ.

Ñõåìà 7: ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå + âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé (â ëèöå è ÷èñëå) ñêàçóåìîìó îñíîâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ + not + ïîäëåæàùåå â ôîðìå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ.

He is a doctor, is not he?

III. Îòðèöàòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå.
Ñõåìà 8: Ïîäëåæàùåå + âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë + not + ñêàçóåìîå + äîïîëíåíèå + îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî

He is not a doctor.