Îñîáåííîñòè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ óêàçàòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé: this, that, these, those

Îñîáåííîñòè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ óêàçàòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé: this, that, these, those

This ("ýòîò", "ýòà", "ýòî") óêàçûâàåò íà îòíîñèòåëüíóþ áëèçîñòü ïðåäìåòà èëè ëèöà âî âðåìåíè èëè ïðîñòðàíñòâå:

This song is annoying, change the station.
Ýòà ïåñíÿ ìåíÿ ðàçäðàæàåò, ïîìåíÿé ñòàíöèþ.

These ("ýòè") àíàëîãè÷íî ìåñòîèìåíèþ this, íî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå:

I want to buy these slippers, they look so comfy.
ß õî÷ó êóïèòü âîò ýòè òàïî÷êè, îíè âûãëÿäÿò òàêèìè óäîáíûìè.

That ("òîò", "òà", "òî"), íàîáîðîò, óêàçûâàåò íà îòíîñèòåëüíóþ äàëüíîñòü ïðåäìåòà èëè ëèöà:

Do you know that man in green coat?
Òû íå çíàåøü âîí òîãî ÷åëîâåêà â çåëåíîì ïëàùå?

Êðîìå ýòîãî, that ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ñîþçà ("÷òî"), êîòîðûé ïðèñîåäèíÿåò ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ê ãëàâíîìó:

Is that true that there is a camel stuck in your car?
À ïðàâäà, ÷òî ó òåáÿ â ìàøèíå çàñòðÿë âåðáëþä?

Åùå that ìîæåò óêàçûâàòü íà ïðåäìåòû, ëèöà èëè ñîáûòèÿ, òîëüêî ÷òî óïîìÿíóòûå â êîíòåêñòå:

I tried to find a job but that was fruitless.
ß ïîïðîáîâàë íàéòè ðàáîòó, íî áåçóñïåøíî.

Those ("òå") - ýòî ôîðìà ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ìåñòîèìåíèÿ that:

If you are looking for underground, go past those two high buildings and turn left.
Åñëè âû èùåòå ìåòðî, òî ïðîéäèòå ìèìî òåõ äâóõ âûñîêèõ çäàíèé è ïîâåðíèòå íàëåâî.

 íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü îáîðîò that of / those of, êîòîðûé ïîìîãàåò èçáåæàòü ïîâòîðîâ:

Molecules of a hot substance move faster than those of a cold substance.
Ìîëåêóëû ãîðÿ÷åãî âåùåñòâà äâèæóòñÿ áûñòðåå, ÷åì ìîëåêóëû õîëîäíîãî âåùåñòâà.

Ïîìíèòå, ÷òî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ this, that, these, those ìîãóò óêàçûâàòü íà áëèçîñòü èëè äàëüíîñòü íå òîëüêî ïî ðàññòîÿíèþ, íî è ïî âðåìåíè:

This time I will win.
Íà ýòîò ðàç ïîáåäèòåëåì áóäó ÿ.

I had a bad patch, I lost my wallet and broke my leg that week.
Ó ìåíÿ áûëà ïîëîñà íåóäà÷, íà òîé íåäåëå ÿ ïîòåðÿë áóìàæíèê è ñëîìàë ñåáå íîãó.